Researcher Bertram Forer originally named it the "fallacy of personal validation". Also, individuals are more likely to accept negative assessments of themselves if they perceive the person presenting the assessment as a high-status professional. Because the assessment statements are so vague, people ascribe their own interpretation, thus the statement becomes "personal" to them. These characterizations are often used by practitioners as a con-technique to convince victims that they are endowed with a paranormal gift. This effect can provide a partial explanation for the widespread acceptance of some paranormal beliefs and practices, such as astrology, fortune telling, aura reading, and some types of personality tests. The Barnum effect, also called the Forer effect or, less commonly, the Barnum–Forer effect, is a common psychological phenomenon whereby individuals give high accuracy ratings to descriptions of their personality that supposedly are tailored specifically to them, yet which are in fact vague and general enough to apply to a wide range of people. For people with the surname, see Forer (surname).
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